Gender Bias and the Sciences: Facing Reality

Empirical evidence of gender bias in higher education ? and the sciences in particular ? continues to stack up. For scientists, that data cannot be ignored. One might like to think that more educated people are somehow above discrimination, but the evidence suggests the contrary. That poses a challenge to America?s universities and colleges that must be faced head-on, and the challenge is not simply an academic problem. It?s crucial to America?s future leadership in science and technology, and to generating the jobs that they have historically produced.

A peer-reviewed report, published in September by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that science professors at American research universities demonstrated bias against women in hiring. As the abstract explains: ?In a randomized double-blind study (n = 127), science faculty from research-intensive universities rated the application materials of a student?who was randomly assigned either a male or female name?for a laboratory manager position. Faculty participants rated the male applicant as significantly more competent and hireable than the (identical) female applicant? The gender of the faculty participants did not affect responses, such that female and male faculty were equally likely to exhibit bias against the female student.?

A peer-reviewed study of top U.S. graduate programs in the sciences ? titled ?Gender Segregation in Elite Academic Science? ? was funded by the National Academy of Sciences and published in the October issue of Gender and Society. Rice University, where the study?s lead author and principal investigator, Elaine Howard Ecklund, is Associate Professor of Sociology, explained the research as follows: ?The study surveyed 2,500 biologists and physicists at elite institutions of higher education in the United States? The study?s key finding is that both male and female scientists view gender discrimination as a factor in women?s decision not to choose a science career at all or to choose biology over physics. However, the two sexes still have differences in opinion about when discrimination occurs.?

As Professor Ecklund elaborates, ?During interviews, men almost never mentioned present-day discrimination, believing that any discrimination in physical science classes likely took place early in the educational history (primary school), which they believe explains women?s predisposition to biological sciences. However, female scientists believe that discrimination is still occurring in present-day universities and departments.?

The study in Proceedings clearly supports that latter perspective, as does a look at faculty salaries by gender. According to a report by the American Association of University Professors ? titled ?Persistent Inequity: Gender and Academic Employment?? ?recent reports from the Modern Language Association (2009) and University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers (Misra, et al., 2011) confirm that women are less likely to be promoted than men, and when they are promoted, the process takes longer? Women earn less than men, on average, at each faculty rank and at all types of institutions? Because women are overrepresented at the lowest ranks and at the lowest-paying institutions, women?s overall average salary has remained at around 80 percent of the average for men since the mid-1970s.?

It?s easy for science faculty members, convinced of their own high ethical standards, to assume that gender discrimination lies outside of their actions: earlier in the pipeline; in other fields; at other types of institutions. I found myself, as a former dean of natural sciences at a liberal arts college, reacting to these studies in just that way. My initial reaction was: that may be true of universities, but it wasn?t my experience at a liberal arts college.

I asked some colleagues to analyze the percentage of women with professorships (assistant, associate, visiting, or full professors) at the 30 highest-ranked liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report. The analysis reveals great disparity in the percentage of women professors (of all ranks) among fields ? with biology at 45%, chemistry at 35%, astronomy at 33%, and physics at 25%.

The total for physics is interestingly below the national average (28%, according to the U.S. Department of Education) for full professors at all U.S. postsecondary institutions across all fields ? not just the sciences. And the physics percentage reflects all ranks ? not just full professors.

Gender bias must be ended, and the disparities across fields offer a clue to how to do it. Those disparities are quite pronounced in some cases and more subtle in others. As The Chronicle of Higher Education reports, ?Engineering and teaching are among the most lopsided disciplines in academe?s gender split. In 2010, women received 80 percent of the undergraduate degrees awarded in education, the U.S. Education Department reports. And they earned 77 percent of the master?s and 67 percent of the doctoral degrees in that field. In engineering, by contrast, women earned just 18 percent of undergraduate, 22 percent of master?s, and 23 percent of doctoral degrees? Perhaps nowhere has the gender gap been more pronounced ? than in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics?the STEM fields. Women are still a minority in those fields? Not surprisingly, the gender distribution of professors in the STEM disciplines is similarly skewed.?

Gender bias should be tackled not only by institutions of higher education but by fields, and within those fields by individual departments. Every department chair should assess the department?s role in gender bias and how it can be changed ? in hiring, salary, and promotion decisions for the faculty but also in numbers of students, summer job opportunities, and scholarships. Department chairs are key to solving the problem, and they should lead the effort within their own departments, while also working with deans and provosts to ensure that this persistent problem is discussed on campuses with faculty and students.

In the 21^st century, America will not compete successfully with the rest of the world in the STEM fields if we do not take full advantage of the intellectual powers of more than half of our population.

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Lenny Dykstra gets more prison time for bankruptcy fraud - latimes ...

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Former New York Mets star and self-styled financial guru Lenny Dykstra, who was already sentenced to three years in state prison for a car scam, received 6 1/2 months for federal bankruptcy fraud after looting his mansion of valuables before creditors could get them.

Dykstra, who helped the New York Mets win the 1986 World Series, and became a? celebrity stock picker before his finances dissolved in chaos in 2009, has racked up numerous charges in recent years.

U.S. District Judge Dean Pregerson also ordered Dykstra to pay $200,000 in restitution and to perform 500 hours of community service. The 6 1/2-month sentence was far lighter than the 30 months federal prosecutors had sought. At one point, Dykstra faced a potential sentence of up to 20 years before he agreed to a plea deal.

His fall from grace during the last two years includes a conviction for a car finance scam and separate charges of lewd conduct and assault with a deadly weapon.

According to federal prosecutors, Dykstra sold sports memorabilia and household items from his Ventura County mansion, including a $50,000 sink. Dykstra was barred from selling the items.

Nicknamed "Nails" by baseball fans for his raucous style on the diamond, the Garden Grove native turned to Bankruptcy Court in July 2009 to try to save his lavishly furnished Sherwood Country Club estate. He bought the property from hockey legend Wayne Gretzky for $18.5 million, at the height of the last housing boom.

An affidavit filed by FBI Special Agent Ty Thomas lays out how federal investigators allege the baseball legend "sold many items belonging to the bankruptcy estate" and "destroyed and hid other estate items, depriving the estate of a combined $400,000 of assets."

Dykstra reportedly transferred dozens of items -- including chandeliers, mirrors, artwork, a stove and a grandfather clock --? to a consignment store, Uniques, on South Barrington Avenue in West Los Angeles. The owner of the store paid him cash for a U-Haul truckload of goods, according to the agent.

Despite warnings from a bankruptcy trustee's attorney, Dykstra ? moments after promising not to remove items from his Camarillo Airport office ? shifted numerous valuable pieces into a truck, according to the affidavit. People who received some of the items from Dykstra listed them on Craigslist and EBay.

The baseball legend has already been sentenced to three years in state prison. He pleaded no contest to grand theft auto and filing a false financial statement in connection with a scheme a judge described as an effort to steal cars that showed "sophistication, planning."

In January 2011, Dykstra, his accountant Robert Hymers, 27, and friend Christopher Gavanis, 30, tried to lease high-end automobiles from several area dealerships by allegedly providing fraudulent information and claiming credit through a phony business, prosecutors said.

Earlier this year he also got nine months in jail for exposed himself to a woman.

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-- Richard Winton?

Photo: Lenny Dykstra. Credit: Katie Falkenberg / For The Times

Source: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/12/formernew-york-mets-star-and-self-styled-financial-guru-lenny-dykstra-already-sentenced-to-three-years-in-state-prison-f.html

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Having A Successful Home Based Business Made Easy - Zurvita ...

TIP! To save your business documents, use cheap storage. Loss of your documents will cost you a lot of money and will make filing taxes difficult.

This idea of running a successful online business may seem unrealistic to many people. If you know the tricks on how to work from your home, it?s easier to run this type of business than you realize. In this article you will find advice regarding how to start a online business.

TIP! Protect your business?s financial security by setting aside money in an emergency fund. You will be able to pay for expenses you are not expecting.

Always remember that you will have to pay taxes, so put some money aside to take care of this during tax season. Around fifteen to twenty percent of what you make in a year will have to be paid back to the government in the form of taxes. By setting aside some money, it is much easier on you instead of having to fight to gather enough money when tax time arrives.

TIP! If you?re the only owner of your business, you should be the only financial decision maker, too. Giving others access to your business finances means that you will also be responsible if they make foolish choices.

Did you know you can receive tax breaks for entertaining clients? You are allowed to take partial tax deductions if you pay for business meals with clients. Remember to save receipts for these meals. You are required to maintain receipts for meals over 75 dollars. You may also need to prove your expenses if audited.

TIP! Have a means of communication that is available to your customers. This may be a phone number, email or mailing address.

Be realistic and honest with yourself about what you hope to achieve when you think about starting a home business enterprise. Do you have an outstanding product with long-term commercial potential? Are you an upstanding person who values honesty?

TIP! Borrowing money for your business leads to questions about your business structure and inner workings, and the investors will feel entitled to that information. Use the money you have available right now to your advantage.

As soon as you receive payments, deposit them. To ensure timely deposits, consider scheduling them daily or once a week, as compared to once a month. Depositing your check as soon as possible lowers your risk of losing it. To be on the safe site, deposit checks with a human teller as opposed to using an ATM machine, just to be sure that your money gets safely deposited into your account.

TIP! Prior to launching your home business, seek the advice of a reputable legal professional. Some states have applicable business laws which you will need to be made aware of.

Upon opening your online business, you should begin to keep close track of any transit time related to official business. Business-related transportation costs are often tax deductible. When you travel a lot, this will save you a great deal of tax liability.

TIP! To save money, keep track of all your business expenses. Keep track of your business expenses, including vehicle costs and internet.

Develop a regular schedule of time to devote to your work at home that is separate from your personal time. You could ignore business calls after a certain hour, for instance. When running a home-based business it is important to remember to set aside time for your friends, family and for yourself.

TIP! You should keep sufficient records of what you spend each day and what must be spent for your home business. If you do so, it will make tax deductions much simpler when it?s time to file your taxes.

Pick a brand or product name that has meaning. A memorable name that is easy to recognize will help your brand become synonymous in the minds of customers with your high-quality goods. There could be a freaky or elevating tale connected to your brand name. By doing this, your brand will become familiar and customers will be loyal to your product.

TIP! No matter how modest your home business is in the beginning, you should have a comprehensive business plan for it. This plan may change significantly over time, and you may even decide to disregard it altogether.

Be sure to set aside a specific work area in your home. You will need plenty of room to organize your work materials. Separating your business from the rest of the home will help keep it organized. Your business has to be organized in order to succeed.

TIP! It is important that you do not get your hopes up with business programs that promise quick success. Every successful home business takes time to build.

It is essential to let your family and friends know what your work schedule is, so that they know to give you time alone during those hours. When somebody begins to interrupt you, try to nicely explain to them that you are doing work. If they still visit, have something for them to do while you finish up your work.

You should research all the requirements needed for running your online business before you get started. Make sure that you consider every aspect of business ownership before jumping in.

TIP! Even when you are working from home, you should take pride in your appearance. It is easy when you work from home to just stay in your pajamas all day.

One of most important things for you to remember as the owner of a home business enterprise is that tax deductions are your friend. Claiming every deduction for which you qualify on your taxes can save you a sizable amount of money.

TIP! Always deduct client meetings from your taxes when they involve expenditures such as lunch or other forms of entertaining. Meetings with business associates are deemed legal business costs.

A lot of people would love to work from home and run their own business. Sadly, most people do not know how to get on track with their own home enterprise. Take it one step at a time, apply the tips from this article, and soon you will find yourself the proud owner of a brand-new home business enterprise.

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Source: http://raywateska.com/having-a-successful-home-based-business-made-easy.html

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Clinton sees NATO deal on Turkey Patriot missiles

PRAGUE (Reuters) - Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is hopeful NATO allies will agree this week on stationing Patriot missiles in Turkey to defend against possible Syrian attacks, senior U.S. officials said.

She also reiterated a warning against any attempt by the Syrian government to use its chemical weapons stockpile against the rebels, calling this was a "red line" that would prompt U.S. action.

The 28 NATO allies will meet in Brussels on Tuesday and Wednesday.

Turkey, which has formally asked NATO to help it bolster its air defenses, is a big supporter of rebels fighting in a 20-month-old uprising to oust Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

It has repeatedly scrambled jets along the countries' joint border and responded in kind when shells from the conflict have crashed inside Turkey, underlining fears Syria's civil war could spread to destabilize the region.

"We're all positively considering (the request)," a senior State Department official said, briefing reporters en route to Europe, where Clinton started a regional trip with a stop in Prague.

"(We) are hopeful that NATO will be in a position to respond positively ... and that the three contributing countries that are being considered - the United States, Germany and the Netherlands - will be in a position to also contribute."

The State Department official said he did not expect final details this week on the numbers of missiles that would be deployed, or where or for how long, as site surveys were still going on.

He also said it would probably be "at least a matter of weeks" before deployment, as national decisions still had to be made and surveys completed and agreed.

Russia, which will join the NATO meeting, has been at odds with the alliance over how to end the Syrian conflict. Russia has vetoed U.N. resolutions aimed at pressuring Assad to step down and Moscow's foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, is expected to raise concerns over the missile deployment plans.

The State Department official said the deployment would not be part of "an inexorable move towards a no-fly zone" over Syria of the sort NATO mounted to defend anti-government rebels in Libya who toppled Muammar Gaddafi last year.

The official also rejected the idea that deployment of Patriots in Turkey would create a de-facto safe haven in Syria's border area with Turkey, as the missiles would be used to defend against planes or missiles that crossed into Turkish air space.

NO-FLY ZONE "NOT ON AGENDA"

The possibility of establishing a no-fly zone is expected to be discussed at a meeting of the Friends of Syria group in Marrakech next week.

"We're always prepared - and the Secretary has made that clear - to look at ways in which we can help the people of Syria," the official said. "But ...a no-fly zone is not on the agenda of any NATO talks this week."

France, Britain, Turkey and Gulf Arab states have already recognized a rebel coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. The United States has been more cautious and not offered full recognition, or arms the rebels are seeking.

Clinton, at a news conference with Czech counterpart Karel Schwarzenberg, again warned Syria against resorting to chemical weapons against the insurgents.

"I am not going to telegraph any specifics what we would do in the event of credible evidence that the Assad regime has resorted to using chemical weapons against their own people, but suffice to say, we are certainly planning to take action if that eventuality were to occur," she said.

"So we once again issue a very strong warning to the Assad regime that their behavior is reprehensible, their actions against their own people have been tragic, but there is no doubt that there is a line between even the horrors they have already inflicted on the Syrian people and moving to what would be an internationally condemned step of utilizing their chemical weapons."

Clinton will also hold talks in Brussels on Monday with Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar and Islamabad's military chief General Ashfaq Kayani.

U.S. officials say she will seek to encourage what Washington sees as an improving mood between Pakistan and its neighbor Afghanistan, where U.S.-led forces are seeking to extricate themselves from a long and bloody war.

A second U.S. official pointed to better signs since Washington's ties with Islamabad hit a low in 2011 after U.S. forces killed al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden while he was hiding in the Pakistani city of Abbottabad.

He noted exchanges of high-level visits between Pakistan and Afghanistan, where NATO still has a large multinational force that is due to end its combat operations in 2014, and Pakistan's release of Taliban prisoners as requested by the Afghans to help smooth the way for peace talks with the Islamists.

"I think the Pakistanis are actually pressing forward (on improving relations) because, like a lot of people in the region, they recognize that 2014 is not so far away," he said.

As well as discussions on security, the United States had made efforts to expand the economic relationship with Pakistan and this was an issue expected to come up in Monday's talks.

(Reporting by David Brunnstrom; Editing by Mark Heinrich)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/clinton-sees-nato-deal-turkey-patriot-missiles-075003612.html

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Source: http://foxchapeloffice.com/jennifer-skipp-food-and-drink-starchy-foods-glucose-as-well-as-cellulose/

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Indian navy prepared to deploy to South China Sea to protect oil interests

NEW DELHI (Reuters) - The Indian navy is prepared to deploy vessels to the South China Sea to protect India's oil interests there, the navy chief said on Monday amid growing international fears over the potential for naval clashes in the disputed region.

India has sparred diplomatically with China in the past over its gas and oil exploration block off the coast of Vietnam. China claims virtually the entire mineral-rich South China Sea and has stepped up its military presence there. Other nations such as Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia have competing claims.

Indian state-run explorer Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) has a stake in a gas field in the Nam Con Son basin, off Vietnam's south coast.

Indian Navy Chief Admiral D.K Joshi said while India was not a claimant in the dispute over territorial rights in the South China Sea, it was prepared to act, if necessary, to protect its maritime and economic interests in the region.

"When the requirement is there, for example, in situations where our country's interests are involved, for example ONGC ... we will be required to go there and we are prepared for that," Joshi told a news conference.

"Now, are we preparing for it? Are we having exercises of that nature? The short answer is yes," he said.

He described the modernization of China's navy as "truly impressive" and acknowledged that it was a source of major concern for India.

Any display of naval assertiveness by India in the South China Sea would likely fuel concern that the navies of the two rapidly growing Asian giants could be on a collision course as they seek to protect trade routes and lock in the supply of coal, minerals and other raw material from foreign sources.

"It is one of the most important international waterways and freedom of navigation there is an issue of utmost concern to India because a large portion of India's trade is through the South China Sea," said Brahma Chellaney, analyst at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi.

Chellaney, however, played down Joshi's comments, saying the Indian navy's focus would remain on the Indian Ocean, which the Asian nation views as its strategic backyard.

NEW RULES

In September 2011, an Indian warship sailing in the South China Sea to the Vietnamese port of Haiphong was challenged when a caller identifying himself as an official of the Chinese navy warned the ship on an open radio channel that it was entering Chinese waters.

Nothing happened, the ship sailed on, and both India and China have since played down the incident, with New Delhi saying the vessel was well within international waters in the South China Sea and that there was no confrontation.

China's neighbors are fretting about a recent Chinese media report on new rules that will allow police in the southern Chinese province of Hainan to board and seize control of foreign ships which "illegally enter" its waters from January 1.

The Philippines on Saturday condemned the Chinese plan as illegal and Singapore, home to the world's second-busiest container port, said on Monday it was concerned.

Asked about the report of China's plan to board ships, Joshi said India had the right to self-defense.

Estimates for proven and undiscovered oil reserves in the South China Sea range as high as 213 billion barrels of oil, the U.S. Energy Information Administration said in a 2008 report. That would surpass every country's proven oil reserves except Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, according to the BP Statistical Review.

(Reporting By Arup Roychoudhury and Mayank Bhardwaj; Writing by Ross Colvin; Editing by Robert Birsel)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/indian-navy-prepared-deploy-south-china-sea-protect-140347282.html

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Video: Egypt?s Morsi accepts draft of constitution

>>> more than 100,000 people took to the streets of cairo today. this time they were there to support the new president and his bold move to give himself sweeping powers. from egypt, nbc's jim maceda with the latest on that showdown.

>> reporter: this was president morsi's day. tens of thousands of his muslim brotherhood and other islamist supporters packed the streets outside cairo university looking more like a political rally than a protest. they needed to show up in big numbers to show the opposition's momentum and did not disappoint. i think the numbers you see today show the true legitimacy is with president morsi, he said. they applauded morsi's controversial decree giving him near absolute power as well as a draft constitution, which human rights experts warn could seriously limit freedoms of speech, religion, and women's rights. they are against islam and don't want islamic law said this protester. we want islamic law . while clashes between pro and antimorsi protesters in alexandria left at least a dozen wounded, here in cairo one of the largest islamist demonstrations ever was peaceful. meanwhile, in tahrir square several hundred tired morsi opponents tried to keep up their spirits. mohamed sayedi has lived in a ten for several days and remains defiant.

>> we would keep our rights from the president.

>> reporter: the opposition promises an indefinite campaign of mass protests and civil disobedience until morsi rescind rescinds his decree. these protesters have this message for the world. they are secular and liberal.

>> we are not going to accept a new dictator ruling us anymore.

>> reporter: but tonight in a special ceremony morsi accepted the final draft constitution from the panel that wrote it. every one of them islamist . he declared a national referendum for december 15th . immediately after that opposition leaders said tonight that their struggle would continue, laying the ground work for more confrontation and violence. lester?

>> jim maceda in cairo , thank

Source: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/50041648/

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